Humanized anti-il 10 antibodies for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle)

ABSTRACT

Provided is a humanized or chimeric antibody or fragment thereof capable of binding to interleukin-10 (IL-10), wherein said antibody or fragment thereof: (i) binds to the same region of IL-10 as the IL-10 receptor α (IL-I10Ra) and is not capable of binding IL-10 when the IL-10 is bound to the IL-10 receptor; and (ii) binds to IL-10 in homodimeric form by binding a discontinuous epitope comprising residues of both monomers. Further provided are related products and methods involving the use of the antibody or fragment thereof.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is concerned with interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-10specific agents. In particular, the present invention involves humanizedIL-10 antibodies and their uses. The invention further envisages amethod of treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is regarded as an autoimmune disease,in which abnormal hyperactivity of B lymphocytes and massive abnormalproduction of immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) auto-antibodies plays a keyrole. This pathological process results in sequestration and destructionof Ig-coated cells, fixation and cleaving of complement proteins, andrelease of chemotaxins, vasoactive peptides and destructive enzymes intotissues (Hahn B H. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In: Kasper D L,Braunwald E, Fauci A S, Hauser S L, Longo D L, Jameson, J L, editors.In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th edition). New York(US): McGraw-Hill; 2005. pp. 1960-1967).

SLE is characterized by diverse manifestations. In the course of thedisease a total of 95% of patients complain of musculoskeletal disease,80% show cutaneous lesions, 85% haematological disease, 60% neurologicaldisorders, 60% cardiopulmonary disease, 30% to 50% renal disease, 40%gastrointestinal disease, 15% thrombosis and 15% ocular disease. Thevast majority of the patients (95%) also suffer from systemic symptomssuch as fatigue, malaise, fever, anorexia, and weight loss, which arepresent most of the time. Most patients experience disease periods offlares alternating with remissions. Permanent remissions (absence ofsymptoms with no treatment) are very rare. More than 50 years ago mostpatients diagnosed with SLE lived less than 5 years. Nowadays, 10 yearsurvival is over 90%, mainly based on earlier diagnosis, symptomaticanti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive treatment. The common cause ofdeath is infection as a result of immune-suppression (Hahn 2005).

Antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs haveroutinely been used in the treatment of SLE. Non-steroidalanti-inflammatories have been supplemented with corticosteroids when thesymptoms become difficult to control. Further, active SLE, with majororgan involvement, requires aggressive therapy with cyclophosphamide.

Up to now, there has been no causative treatment available to cure SLEand/or improve patients' quality of life on a long term basis. However,recent advances in antibody technology and the further identification offactors underlying this autoimmune disease have opened up thepossibility of using monoclonal antibodies as a treatment option. Inparticular, a favourable approach to treat SLE would be a specifictreatment interacting or correcting the pathological immune responseresulting in the massive overproduction of polyclonal auto-antibodies.Since the pathogenesis of SLE primarily involves dysregulated B cells,monoclonal antibodies capable of targeting B-cells are of specialinterest. As noted by Robak and Robak (Current Drug Targets, 2009, No.10, pages 26-37) potential B-cell surface antigen targets are CD19,CD20, CD21 and CD22. Further, IL-10, IL-Ira, IL-12 (Capper et al., Clin.Exp. Immunol. 2004 November; 138(2):348-56), and IL-6 (Chun et al., J.Clin. Immunol. 2007 September; 27(5):461-6) are important cytokines inregulating immune response and are especially raised during flares inSLE patients. Plasma levels of IL-10 and auto-antibodies againstdouble-stranded DNA (dsDNA) often mirror disease activity in patientswith SLE. Raised IL-10 levels correlated with disease activity in SLEpatients (Park et al., Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 1998 May-June;16(3):283-8). However, IL-10 is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects onthe immune system and is also known to be involved in reducingproinflammatory responses.

Clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies have been conducted in SLEpatients. In particular, several trials have involved the antibodyRituximab, a chimeric mouse anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody used for thetreatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. As noted by Robak and Robak (2009),the results of these trials show high activity of this antibody in SLEpatients, and several new antibodies targeting CD20 have been developed;Ofatumumab, IMMU-106 and GA-101. Further clinical trials reportingactivity of monoclonal antibodies in SLE have been completed with theanti-CD22 antibody, Epratuzumab, the anti-TNFα antibody, Infliximab, theanti-IL-10 antibody, B-N10 (Llorente et al., Arthritis Rheum. 2000August; 43(8):1790-800), the anti-CD40L antibodies, IDEC 131 and BG9588, the BLYS inhibitor, Belimumab, the anti-IL6 receptor antibody,Toclimumab, and the anti-C5 antibody Eculizumab.

It is the aim of the present invention to provide further agents, and inparticular antibodies, having utility in this area.

Accordingly in a first aspect the present invention provides a humanizedor chimeric antibody or fragment thereof capable of binding tointerleukin-10 (IL-10), wherein said antibody or fragment thereof: (i)binds to the same region of IL-10 as the IL-10 receptor α (IL-10Rα) andis not capable of binding IL-10 when the IL-10 is bound to the IL-10receptor; and (ii) binds to IL-10 in homodimeric form by binding adiscontinuous epitope comprising residues of both monomers.

The present inventors have found that the antibodies of the presentinvention have a particularly advantageous mode of binding, such thatthey are suitable for treating medical conditions that are mediated byan elevated level or activity of IL-10, and in particular autoimmunediseases.

Specifically, the antibodies and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are not capable of triggering an ADCC or CDC response, sincethey are not able to bind to the IL-10 once it has bound to the IL-10Rα.This is a particularly advantageous mode of binding because, as aresult, the antibodies of the present invention are not able to bind tocells on which IL-10 is bound to a receptor, and therefore cannot inducean ADCC or CDC response. In this way the impact of the antibody on otherparts of the immune system is controlled. Still further, the antibodiesand fragments thereof of the present invention are able to bind to theIL-10 homodimer with much greater affinity than to the IL-10 monomer. Assuch the antibody binds preferentially to the functionally active formof IL-10 rather than to the monomer or degradation products. This isparticularly advantageous because it reduces the amount of IL-10antibody required to produce a neutralizing effect and reduces the riskof side effects via non-specific binding to non-active molecules.

In a second aspect the present invention provides a humanized orchimeric antibody or fragment thereof capable of binding tointerleukin-10 (IL-10), wherein said antibody or fragment thereof bindsto the same region of IL-10 as the IL-10 receptor (IL-10Rα) and is notcapable of binding IL-10 when the IL-10 is bound to the IL-10 receptor.

In a third aspect the present invention provides a humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof that is capable of binding tointerleukin-10 (IL-10) in homodimeric form, wherein said antibody orfragment thereof binds to a discontinuous epitope comprising residues ofboth monomers.

In a fourth aspect the present invention provides a humanized orchimeric antibody or fragment thereof according to claim 1 wherein theantibody or fragment thereof comprises amino acid sequences at least 80%identical to those of CDR 1, CDR 2 and CDR3 of the murine antibody B-N10variable light chain and/or comprises amino acid sequences at least 80%identical to those of CDR 1, CDR 2 and CDR3 of the murine antibody B-N10variable heavy chain.

In a fifth aspect the present invention provides a humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof capable of binding to interleukin-10(IL-10), wherein said antibody or fragment thereof does not induceantibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and/orcomplement-dependent cytotoxicity.

In a sixth aspect the present invention provides a humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof capable of binding to interleukin-10(IL-10), wherein said antibody or fragment thereof is capable ofpreventing IL-10 signaling through the IL-10α receptor.

In a seventh aspect the present invention provides a humanized orchimeric antibody or fragment thereof capable of binding tointerleukin-10 (IL-10), wherein said antibody or fragment thereof is notcapable of binding to IL-1 OR expressing cells.

The invention will be illustrated by way of example only, with referenceto the following Figures, in which:

FIG. 1A shows the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable regionof the murine B-N10 antibody (SEQ ID No: 2). The hypervariablecomplementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are underlined (wherein LCDR1is SEQ ID No: 4; LCDR2 is SEQ ID No: 5; and LCDR3 is SEQ ID No:6).

FIG. 1B shows the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable regionof the murine B-N10 antibody (SEQ ID No: 3). The hypervariablecomplementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are underlined (wherein HCDR1is SEQ ID No: 7; HCDR2 is SEQ ID No: 8; and HCDR3 is SEQ ID No:9).

FIG. 2A shows the nucleotide sequence encoding the light chain variableregion of the murine B-N10 antibody (SEQ ID No: 10).

FIG. 2B shows the nucleotide sequence encoding the heavy chain variableregion of the murine B-N10 antibody (SEQ ID No: 11).

FIG. 3 shows the amino acid sequence of the murine B-N10 light and heavychain variable regions (SEQ ID Nos: 12 and 13, respectively) togetherwith the sequences taken from A17 (SEQ ID No: 14), JK1 (SEQ ID No: 15),3−66+04 (SEQ ID No: 16) and JH4 (SEQ ID No: 17) and the variable regionshVL1 to hVL12 (SEQ ID Nos: 18 to 29) and the variable regions hVH1 tohVH29 (SEQ Id Nos: 30 to 58) generated during the humanization of themurine B-N10 antibody.

FIG. 4 provides a comparison of the antigen binding properties of thehumanized antibody variants in comparison to a chimeric cB-N10 antibodyusing the hIL-10 antigen ELISA.

FIG. 5 provides the result of the determination of the bindingproperties of the three humanized variants, hVH20/hVL7, hVH20/hVL8 andhVH26/hVL7, in comparison to the chimeric B-N10 antibody using purifiedantibody preparations.

FIG. 6 shows the staining of lymphocytes with labeled BT061 and BT-063.

FIG. 7 shows size exclusion chromatography of BT-063 Fab (upper row),IL-10 monomer and dimer (middle row) and complex of IL-10 dimer andBT-063 Fab (lower row).

FIG. 8 shows the overall structure of the Fab fragment of BT-063 bindingIL-10. IL-10 and the Fab fragment are shown as a ribbon representation.

FIG. 9 shows the Fab fragment of BT-063 addresses the same binding siteon IL-10 as the IL-10 receptor. IL-10, IL-10R1 and the Fab fragment areshown as a ribbon representation.

FIG. 10 shows the theoretically calculated dose dependency of IL-10bound by increasing total doses of BT-063 after intravenous injectioninto healthy volunteers.

FIG. 11 shows the theoretical influence of different IL-10concentrations on the dose-response curve depicted in FIG. 10. Curvesfor 1000 higher and lower concentrations as estimated as normal (15pg/ml) are depicted. Only minor differences between the curves can beobserved.

FIG. 12 shows the theoretical influence of different affinities ofBT-063 to IL-10 on the dose-response curve depicted in FIG. 10. Curvesfor 10 fold higher and lower affinities as determined by BT-063 (3 nM)are depicted. The dose-response curve is largely dependent on theaffinity of BT-063 to IL-10.

FIG. 13 shows a graph of mean cmax of cytokine concentration in plasmaversus dosage after in vivo administration of BT-063 in healthyvolunteers.

FIG. 14 shows a graph of mean IL-10 concentration in plasma over timeafter in vivo administration of BT-063 in healthy volunteers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As indicated above, the present invention relates to a humanized orchimeric antibody or fragment thereof capable of binding tointerleukin-10 (IL-10), and the use of this antibody or fragment thereofin the treatment of medical conditions that are mediated by an elevatedlevel or activity of IL-10.

Human IL-10 is a homodimer with a molecular mass of 37 kDa. Each monomerconsists of 160 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 18.5 kDa. TheIL-10 dimer interacts with the IL-10 receptor alpha (IL-Rα or IL-10R1)and subsequently recruits IL-10 receptor beta (IL-10Rβ or IL-10R2) intothe complex. The receptor is expressed on a variety of cells, inparticular immune cells (Asadullah et al., Pharmacol. Rev. 2003 June;55(2):241-69) including most hematopoietic cells such as monocytes,macrophages, and T- and B-lymphocytes, but is also expressed onnon-hemopoietic cells, such as epidermal cells orkeratiocytes.keratinocytes. The binding of IL-10 receptor alpha by IL-10and the recruitment of IL-10 receptor beta leads to signal transductionvia Jak1 and Tyk2 tyrosine kinases and subsequently to activation oftranscription factors of the STAT family. Various cellular sources ofIL-10 are known, such as T helper cells, regulatory T cells, monocytes,macrophages, B cells, eosinophils, mast cells, keratinocytes, dendriticcells and even cancer cells. IL-10 functions on B cells range fromprevention of apoptosis, enhancement of proliferation, class switchingevents and differentiation into plasma cells (Asadullah et al.,Pharmacol. Rev. 2003 June; 55(2):241-69) and inhibition of inflammation.

In the first and second aspects of the present invention, and inpreferred embodiments of the other aspects of the invention, theantibody or fragment thereof binds to the same region of IL-10 as theIL-10 receptor α (IL-10Rα) and is not capable of binding IL-10 when theIL-10 is bound to the IL-10 receptor, i.e. when IL-10 is bound to theantibody or fragment it is not able to bind to IL-10Rα.

As described above, the functionally active IL-10 dimer interacts withthe IL-10Rα and subsequently recruits IL-10Rβ into the complex, whichresults in signal transduction. However, some suboptimal signallingevents are expected to take place during the initial binding of theIL-10 to IL-10Rα.

Antibodies capable of neutralising the effects of IL-10 can operate viaa number of mechanisms. They may bind to the IL-10 and prevent thebinding of the IL-10 to IL-10Rα via steric hinderance.

In particular, since functionally active IL-10 is a homodimer, twoantibody molecules may bind to the same IL-10 dimer. Alternatively it ispossible that a neutralizing antibody binds to a region of IL-10 notoverlapping with the IL-10Rα binding site and antagonizes the IL-10Rαbinding by induced conformational changes in IL-10 (Josephson et al.Structure (2002) 10; 981-987) Alternatively, the antibodies may bind toa region of IL-10 which prevents interaction between the IL-10 and theIL-10Rβ. Further, it is also possible that an antibody binds to a siteof IL-10 that is still exposed after binding of the cytokine to the highaffinity receptor chain and induces a conformational change the hampersthe recruitment of the second receptor chain necessary for signaling.

In contrast, the antibodies or fragments thereof of the presentinvention inhibit the interaction of the IL-10 with IL-10Rα by bindingto the same region of the IL-10 as the IL-10Rα. Accordingly, theantibodies of the present invention prevent any binding between theIL-10 and the IL-10Rα. As such, even the suboptimal signaling eventsreferred to above may be avoided. Accordingly, the present inventionprovides a humanized or chimeric antibody or fragment thereof capable ofbinding to interleukin-10 (IL-10), wherein said antibody or fragmentthereof is capable of preventing IL-10 signaling through the IL-10αreceptor.

The phrase “binds to the same region” as used herein refers to theability of the antibody or fragment thereof to compete with the IL-10Rαfor binding of IL-10. In effect the antibody or fragment thereof of thepresent invention acts as a competitive inhibitor. It is known thatIL-10Rα binds to residues between 19 and 42 and between 138 and 158 inthe IL-10 dimer. Accordingly, the antibody or fragment of the presentinvention is also capable of binding to at least one residue within bothof these regions so as to effectively block IL-10Rα binding.

Further, the phrase “when IL-10 is bound to the IL-10 receptor” refersto the situation where IL-10 is bound with both sides, i.e. via bothmonomers, to the IL-10 receptor.

In a preferred embodiment the antibody or fragment thereof does not bindto the same region of IL-10 as the IL-10 receptor β (IL-10Rβ).

This aspect and embodiments of the present invention can alternativelybe defined as the antibody or fragment thereof being capable ofpreventing IL-10 signalling through the IL-10α receptor, or as not beingcapable of binding to IL-1 OR expressing cells (i.e. via bound IL-10).

In the first and third aspects of the present invention, and inpreferred embodiments of the other aspects of the invention, theantibody or fragment thereof binds to a discontinuous epitope comprisingresidues of one of the IL-10 homodimer's monomers and residues of thesecond IL-10 homodimer monomer, i.e. the antibody or fragment thereofbinds to a discontinuous epitope comprising residues of the firstmonomer and residues of the second monomer, wherein the first monomerand the second monomer make up the homodimer.

The term “homodimeric form” refers to functionally active IL-10represented by a symmetric homodimer composed of two alpha helicaldomains (domain A and domain B) oriented at 90 degrees to one another.The structural integrity of each domain is dependent on the intertwiningof alpha helices from each peptide chain such that the first fourhelices of one chain associate with the last two helices of the other. Asingle IL-10 monomer is not able to bind to the IL-10 receptor, sinceparts of both chains are required in order to build the interface.

The antibodies and fragments thereof of the present invention exhibitconcomitant interaction with both monomers of the wild type IL-10 dimer.As such, they bind to a “discontinuous epitope” i.e. an epitope in whichamino acids are in close proximity in the folded protein, but distantwhen unfolded. In particular, the epitope is represented by amino acidspresent on both chains of the IL-10 dimer.

As a result of this mode of binding the antibodies and fragments thereofbind to the functionally active IL-10 with much greater affinity than tothe IL-10 monomers, on which only a part of the discontinuous epitope ispresent.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the antibody orfragment thereof binds to a discontinuous epitope comprising residues ofhelix A of one IL-10 monomer (i.e. the first monomer) and residues ofhelix F′ of the other IL-10 monomer (i.e. the second monomer).

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention thehumanized or chimeric antibody or fragment thereof binds to adiscontinuous epitope provided by the first 55 amino acids of one IL-10monomer, more preferably amino acids 20 to 55, and the last 20 aminoacids of the second monomer and vice versa.

Artificial mutant forms of IL-10 combining helices A-D and helices E-Fof one monomer in a from recognized by IL-10R1 or BT-063 are known fromliterature.

The IL-10 referred to herein is human IL-10, the amino acid sequence ofwhich can be represented as:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) SPGQGTQSEN SCTHFPGNLP NMLRDLRDAF SRVKTFFQMKDQLDNLLLKE SLLEDFKGYL GCQALSEMIQ FYLEEVMPQAENQDPDIKAH VNSLGENLKT LRLRLRRCHR FLPCENKSKAVEQVKNAFNK LQEKGIYKAM SEFDIFINYI EAYMTMKIRN

It can be determined whether anti-IL10 antibodies have the desiredactivity by known peptide scanning techniques or by size exclusionchromatography.

Peptide screening techniques can consist of screening possible bindersto IL-10, all or a fragment of which can be immobilized onto a membraneor on an adequate surface. In particular, the IL-10 or IL-10 fragmentcan be synthesized synthetically or the encoding nucleotide sequence canbe overexpressed in an adequate host such as e.g. E. coli or insectcells. In particular, the regions of IL-10 identified herein as formingthe epitope for the antibody of the present invention can be used.

Anti-IL 10 antibodies can be identified using e.g phage or ribosomaldisplay (or mRNA display, polysomal display, yeast display) technology.With these technologies one can identify also binders recognizingdiscontinuous epitopes. Either the protein or the ligand (i.e. theantibody which will be selected) can be immobilized and incubated withthe potential binding partner. Unbound proteins are removed and thebound ligands are eluted. Several rounds of selection will be carriedout to identify high affinity binders.

Within the present application the term “chimeric antibody” refers toantibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain isidentical with sequences in antibodies derived from a particular speciesor belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while theremainder of the antibody is identical with sequences in antibodiesderived from a different species, antibody class or subclass. It isparticularly preferred that the CDRs of a chimeric antibody have oneorigin, while the remainder of the antibody has a different origin. Inparticular, in the present invention the chimeric antibody may be ahumanized antibody in which the antigen binding sequences/variabledomains of a non-human antibody have been grafted onto human antibodyframework regions.

Within the present application the term “fragment” refers to a fragmentor a derivative of an antibody that still retains the desired biologicalactivity. The fragment will generally comprise the antigen bindingregion of the antibody and, in particular, the Fab, Fab′, F(ab)′₂, Fvand scFv fragments, as well as multivalent antibody derivatives, inparticular diabodies or tandem diabodies. The fragment preferably is atleast 25, more preferably 50 and still more preferably 200 to 500 aminoacids. Alternatively the fragments can be defined as those having ofsize of between 30 KDa and 150 kDa. Further, the antibody fragments mayinvolve two or more peptide/polypeptide chains. For example an Fabfragment comprising two chains of between 200 and 300 amino acids inlength each or TandAbs® (tetravalent bispecific antibody formats)comprising two chains of between 400 and 500 amino acids in length each.

In the fourth aspects of the present invention, and in preferredembodiments of the other aspects of the invention, the antibody orfragment thereof is derived from the murine B-N10 antibody or fromBT-063 (variant hVH26/hVL7). In particular, such an antibody or fragmentthereof will comprise CDRs being at least 80% identical to those of CDR1, CDR 2 and CDR3 of the B-N10 or BT-063 variable light chain and/orcomprises amino acid sequences at least 80% identical to those of CDR 1,CDR 2 and CDR3 of the B-N10 or BT-063 variable heavy chain. The aminoacid sequence of the murine CDRs is shown in FIG. 1. The variablesequences of the BT-063 variant are show in Example 6. More preferablythe sequences will be at least 90%, or at least 95% identical to thoseof the CDRs of the B-N10 or BT-063 antibody.

Alternatively, the antibody or fragment while still being derived fromthe B-N10 or the BT-063 antibody, can comprise an amino acid sequence ofCDR 1, CDR 2 and CDR3 of the B-N10/BT-063 variable light chain and/or anamino acid sequence of CDR 1, CDR 2 and CDR3 of the B-N10/BT-063variable heavy chain, optionally with variation in these sequences whichdoes not substantially alter the affinity and/or specificity of theantibody or fragment thereof. In particular, the variations in thesequence do not reduce the affinity or specificity of the antibody orfragment for IL-10 as compared to that of an antibody or fragmentcomprising the CDRs of the murine B-N10 antibody or the BT-063 (varianthVH26/hVL7) antibody.

In a specific embodiment the humanized or chimeric antibody or fragmentthereof comprises the amino acid sequences of CDR 1, CDR 2 and CDR3 ofthe murine antibody B-N10 variable light and/or heavy chains, or theBT-063 variant light and/or heavy chains. More preferably the presentinvention provides a humanized or chimeric antibody or fragment thereofwhich comprises amino acid sequences having at least 80%, morepreferably at least 90% most preferably at least 100% sequence identitywith the variable domains of the murine antibody B-N10, as shown in FIG.1, or with the variable domains of the BT-063 antibody as shown inExample 6.

Still further, as a result of the X ray crystallography studiesperformed by the present inventors the antibody or fragment thereof ofthe present invention can also be defined as a humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof capable of binding to IL-10, wherein saidantibody or fragment thereof comprises a variable region comprising CDR1and CDR2 of BT-063 light chain and/or a variable region comprising CDR1,CDR2 and CDR3 of BT-063 heavy chain optionally with amino acidsubstitutions in the sequences of the CDRs provided:

(i) the light chain CDR1 comprises: Ser32, Asn33, Asn35, Tyr37(ii) the light chain CDR2 comprises: Lys55(iii) the heavy chain CDR1 comprises: Phe27, Ser28, Ala30, Thr31, Tyr32(iv) the heavy chain CDR2 comprises: Trp52, Arg53, Gly54, Ser56(v) the heavy chain CDR3 comprises: Tyr100, Gly101, Tyr103.

More preferably the heavy chain variable region further comprises Asn73and Ser74. It is particularly preferred that with the substitutionswithin the CDRs their sequence is at least 80%, more preferably at least90% identical, to that of the CDRs in BT-063.

The use of residue type and number has been done for the purpose ofclearly identifying the amino acid residue of the BT-063 CDR which isbeing referred to. However, it will be appreciated that the number ofthe residue is not intended to limit the residue to being in thatposition in the candidate antibody or fragment being screened in themethod. For example, in an antibody of this embodiment Ser32 may be atposition 31 within a light chain CDR1 if a non-essential amino acidresidue has been deleted from the section 1 to 30 of the light chain.

The sequences of BT-063 heavy and light chains and the positions of theCDRs are shown in Example 6 below.

In a fifth aspect of the present invention, and in preferred embodimentsof the remaining aspects of the invention, the humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof capable of binding to interleukin-10(IL-10) does not induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity(ADCC) and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).

As indicated above, the antibody or fragment is not capable of bindingto IL-10 when IL-10 is bound to the IL-10 receptor α. Accordingly, theantibody or fragment thereof can only bind to soluble IL-10 and are notable to bind to IL-10R expressing cells (via IL-10). As a result, theantibody or fragment of the present invention is not able to induce ADCCor CDC, at least partly due to its property to only bind to solubleIL-10 and not cell bound IL-10.

For testing whether an antibody induces CDC, cells carrying the antigenof interest can be incubated with increasing doses of the antibody inthe presence of complement (or serum which contains active complementsuch as C1q). The degree of cell killing can be measured as parameterdescribing the amount of CDC induced.

For testing whether an antibody induces ADCC, cells carrying the antigenof interest (target cells) can be incubated with increasing doses of theantibody in the presence of ADCC inducing cells (e.g. natural killercells, effector cells). The degree of cell killing on the target cellscan be measured as parameter describing the amount of ADCC induced.

In addition, in a further aspect of the present invention and inpreferred embodiments of the remaining aspects of the invention, thehumanized or chimeric antibody or fragment thereof is capable of bindingto interleukin-10 (IL-10) such that when it is administered to a patientat least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, most preferably at least 75%of the IL-10 in the patient's plasma is complexed with the antibody orfragment thereof. In this context, the term “complexed with the antibodyor fragment thereof” refers to the IL-10 occupancy by the antibody orfragment thereof after it has been administered to the patient. TheIL-10 occupancy capacity of an antibody or fragment can be assessed invitro based on a blood volume of 3.51, and with knowledge of thedissocation constant between the antibody or fragment and IL-10, andfurther, using the assumptions and methods provided in Example 8, below.

Generally, the antibody of the invention further comprises a humanconstant region (Fc). This can be selected among constant domains fromany class of immunoglobulines, including IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA and IgE, andany isotype, including IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. Preferred constantregions are selected among the constant domains of IgG, in particularIgG1.

Other Products

The present invention further provides nucleic acid sequences encodingthe antibody or antibody fragments described above. The nucleic acidsequences may be DNA or RNA but are preferably DNA. The sequences may beused within expression cassettes or vectors, and are of particular usein producing the antibodies and fragments thereof disclosed herein.

The invention further provides host cells transformed with thesepolynucleotides, expression cassettes or vectors. Suitable host cellscan be both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Alternatively, the host cell can be a hybridoma obtained by fusing acell producing an antibody of the present invention with a myeloma cell.

The host cells described above can be utilized in a method for theproduction of an antibody or fragment thereof. In particular, such amethod may comprise a step of culturing the host cell in a suitableculture medium under conditions allowing the expression of the antibodyor fragment thereof and separating the antibody or fragment from theculture medium. Methods of this type are well known and described in theart.

The present invention also provides an isolated peptide comprising lessthan 50 amino acids comprising one or both of amino acids 27 to 53 andamino acids 142 to 155 of human IL-10. Such peptides are of particularuse in the screening methods described below.

Medical Uses

The antibodies and fragments thereof described herein have utility inthe treatment of diseases or medical conditions which are mediated by anelevated level or activity of IL-10. As a result, provided is a methodfor treating or preventing a medical condition in a subject, wherein themedical condition is mediated by an elevated level or activity of IL-10,comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of theantibody or fragment thereof described herein.

In particular, the medical condition which is mediated by an elevatedlevel or activity of IL-10 is SLE. Accordingly, the present inventionalso provides an antibody or fragment thereof as described herein foruse in medicine, and in particular in the treatment of SLE.

Further examples are thrombocytopenic purpura, lupus nephritis, HIV,hCMV, and hepatitis C. The treatment of tumor cells depending on IL-10by direct support of proliferation or suppression of immune response isanother example.

A further embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the antibody or fragment thereof described above with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In an embodiment, thecomposition comprising liposomes to which the antibody or fragmentthereof is coupled.

Such compositions can be administered to the patient parenterally,intravenously or subcutaneously. Preferably in the treatment of SLE theantibody or fragment thereof is administered intravenously orsubcutaneously.

In addition, the antibodies and fragments thereof described herein haveutility in diagnosis of medical conditions which are mediated by anelevated level or activity of IL-10. In particular, the antibodies andfragments thereof can be utilized in in vitro assays to determine thepresence of an abnormal level of IL-10 in samples taken fromindividuals. Such methods of diagnosis can comprise: (a) obtaining orproviding a sample taken from an individual; (b) contacting the samplewith an anti-IL-10 antibody or fragment thereof as described herein; and(c) detecting the presence of IL-10 (for example by detecting thepresence of the antibody or fragment thereof). In particular, step (c)can involve determining the amount of IL-10 present in the sample. Inaddition, the method may further comprise a step (d) of comparing theamount of IL-10 present to one or more pre-determined values in order tomake an assessment regarding the patient and the medical condition. Thepre-determined values may represent a standard value of the amount ofIL-10 present in an equivalent sample taken from a healthy individual.

Preferably the sample is a plasma sample obtained by taking blood fromthe individual. In particular, the method of diagnosis can be used wherethe medical condition is SLE.

Non-Medical Uses

Still further provided is a labeled humanized or chimeric antibody orfragment thereof comprising the antibody or fragment thereof describedherein and a label. The label may be of any suitable type known in theart for detecting the presence of an antibody in a sample. Inparticular, the label may be a fluorescent label.

The antibody or fragment thereof of the present invention, and inparticular the labeled antibody, has specific utility in an in vitromethod for detecting the presence of IL-10 in a sample. The method maycomprise a step of contacting the unlabelled or labeled antibody orfragment thereof with the sample, washing the sample to remove antibodyor antibody fragments which are not bound to the sample (unboundantibody or antibody fragments) and detecting the presence of theantibody, for example via the label, in the sample.

Alternatively, the unlabeled antibody or fragment may be used for an invitro method for neutralizing IL-10 in a sample. Such a method comprisesthe steps of contacting the sample with the antibody or fragment thereofso as to bind the antibody or fragment thereof to the IL-10.

Further, the present invention also provides a method for screening forone or more molecules capable of binding to the same region of IL-10 asthe IL-10 receptor α (IL-10Rα) comprising:

(a) contacting the one or more molecules with a peptide comprising oneor more of the following regions of human IL10: amino acids 27 to 53 andamino acids 142 to 155; and(b) detecting whether the one or more molecules binds to the one or moreregions of the peptide.

In particular the one or more molecules are preferably peptides, and aremost preferably antibodies or antibody fragments. Screening can becompleted by methods which are known in this art, such as through thegeneration and screening of a phage display library.

Still further, the present invention provides a method for screening foran antibody or antibody fragment capable of binding to the same regionof IL-10 as the IL-10 receptor α (IL-10Rα) comprising:

-   -   (a) contacting one or more antibody or antibody fragments with        IL-10;    -   (b) assessing the ability of the antibody or antibody fragment        to inhibit the interaction between IL-10 as the IL-10 receptor α        (IL-10Rα);    -   (c) identifying an antibody or antibody fragment which is        capable of binding to the same region of IL-10 as the IL-10        receptor α (IL-10Rα),        wherein the antibody or antibody fragment comprises a variable        region comprising CDR1 and CDR2 of BT-063 light chain and/or a        variable region comprising CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of BT-063 heavy        chain, optionally with amino acid substitutions in the sequences        of the CDRs provided: (i) the light chain CDR1 comprises: Ser32,        Asn33, Asn35, Tyr37        (ii) the light chain CDR2 comprises: Lys55        (iii) the heavy chain CDR1 comprises: Phe27, Ser28, Ala30,        Thr31, Tyr32        (iv) the heavy chain CDR2 comprises: Trp52, Arg53, Gly54, Ser56        (v) the heavy chain CDR3 comprises: Tyr100, Gly101, Tyr103.

In this aspect the work of the present inventors has provided details onwhich molecules are likely to have the ability to bind to IL-10 andaccordingly a method of screening with particular candidate molecules ispossible. The candidate molecules can be generated through the targetedmutagenesis of the nucleotide sequence encoding the variable regions ofthe BT-063 antibody.

The invention will now be described further in relation to the followingspecific embodiments.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Characterisation of Murine Anti-IL10 Antibody B-N101.1. Isolation of DNA Encoding the Variable Antibody Domains of B-N10

For the identification of the variable sequences of murine BN-10 cellpellets were used. The samples (3×B-N10, Passage 3, 1×10⁷ cells) werestored at −80° C. until mRNA was isolated from the cells and, after cDNAsynthesis, the variable sequences of B-N10 were amplified by PCR andthen cloned.

In total 14 clones were sequenced (SEQ Laboratories, Göttingen) andanalysed for both the variable light chain and for the variable heavychain. The variable sequences of the B-N10 were determinedunequivocally. Deviations occurred only in the N-terminal primer regions(see Table 1). In the case of the variable heavy chain, the sequencevariant QVQLKQ (SEQ ID No: 59) occurred nine times in the primer region,but other variations occurred only once or twice. This variant waschosen for subcloning. In the case of the variable light chain, twovariants were present in equal proportions. After comparing thesequences with the murine germ line sequences, the crl sequence withonly 3 mutations exhibited great homology with the identified VLsequence. This means that the DVLMTQ (SEQ ID No: 60) sequence is mostprobably the correct sequence. The sequence DIVMTQ (SEQ ID No: 61) istypical of another class of germ line sequence and was thereforeexcluded.

TABLE 1  Occurrence of N-terminal sequence variants of thesequenced variable light and heavy chain of B-N10. Sequence NumberVariable light DIVMTQ (SEQ ID No: 61) 5 chain DVLMTQ (SEQ ID No: 60) 5DVLMTR (SEQ ID No: 62) 1 DIVITQ (SEQ ID No: 63) 1 DIVLTQ (SEQ ID No: 64)2 Variable heavy QVQLKQ (SEQ ID No: 59) 9 chain QVQLKE (SEQ ID No: 65) 2EVQLQQ (SEQ ID No: 66) 1 QVQLNQ (SEQ ID No: 67) 1 QVQLTQ (SEQ ID No: 68)1 The chosen sequences are indicated in bold type.

The protein sequences of the variable light chain VL and variable heavychain VH are shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, respectively. The hypervariablecomplementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are underlined. Thecorresponding DNA sequences are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, respectively.

Example 2 Generation of a Chimeric B-N10 Antibody

The identified variable sequences of the heavy and light antibody chainfrom Example 1 were cloned into a vector system for the expression ofrecombinant antibodies. The first step was to clone the sequences into aBS leader; the N terminal adds a secretion signal and the C terminaladds a splice-donor sequence. The second step was to clone thesesequences into the expression vectors which contain the constant humankappa chain and the constant human gamma-1 chain respectively. Thevector for the light chain and the vector for the heavy chain wereprepared and then transiently co-transfected into COS-7 cells by calciumphosphate precipitation or by lipofection. The cell culture supernatantwas harvested after 2 days. After expression of the chimeric B-N10 inCOS-7 cells and detection of an antibody titre in the supernatant(sandwich ELISA), its specific binding capacity to human interleukin 10(R&D Systems, Cat. No. 217-IL/CF, Lot ET 114021, stored at −20° C.) wastested in the ELISA.

For the sandwich ELISA a mouse anti-human kappa chain antibody (BectonDickinson) was bound to the plate surface as a catcher antibody, thenincubated with cell culture supernatant and the presence of the chimericantibody was detected with a POD-conjugated rabbit anti-human IgG (H+L)antibody (Dianova). A chimeric control antibody in definedconcentrations (0.125 to 12 g/mL) was used as a positive control.

For the antigen ELISA, human IL-10 was bound to the plate surface in aconcentration of 0.5 and 5 μg per mL. After incubation with the cellculture supernatant (undiluted and diluted 1:5), the binding of thechimeric B-N10 was detected with the POD-conjugated rabbit anti-humanIgG (H+L) antibody (Dianova). The murine B-N10 was used as a positivecontrol. The antibody was used in a concentration of 0.5 and 5 μg per mLand binding was detected with a POD-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG/IgMantibody (Dako).

The results of the ELISA are discussed in Example 3.

Example 3 Humanization of Anti-IL10 Antibodies

Initial efforts to reduce the immunogenicity of rodent antibodies inhumans involved the generation of chimeric antibodies by replacingrodent by human constant antibody domains. As the rodent frameworkregions within the variable domains might still induce an immuneresponse the more advanced method of CDR grafting was developed, meaningthe transfer of the antigen binding sequences (complementaritydetermining regions, CDR) onto completely human antibody frameworks(humanization). Usually human acceptor frameworks are selected thatresemble most closely the murine donor antibody to increase theprobability of restoring the original antigen specificity and affinityduring the humanization process. Different approaches using humanantibody germline sequences, consensus sequences of expressedantibodies, analysis of CDR loop structures and X-ray structures ofantibody/antigen complexes might be used or combined to improve theprocess. Usually several humanized antibody variants are generated inthis way and analysed afterwards regarding their biological effectswhich might differ from each other and the original antibody. Finallyaccording to the desired function of the antibody a suitable humanconstant region might be selected.

3.1 Sequence Comparisons Between the Murine Variable Sequences of B-N10and Human Sequences, and Design of a Set of Humanized VL (hVL) and VH(hVH) Sequences

The murine anti-IL10 antibody B-N10 was selected (Llorente et al., Eur.Cytokine Netw. 1993 November-December; 4(6):421-7; and Llorente et al.,Arthritis Rheum. 2000 August; 43(8):1790-80). The method for obtaininghumanized antibodies is based on the CDR-grafting procedure where thecomplementary determining regions (CDRs) are fused to human acceptorregions.

The choice of human acceptor frameworks was based on a combined analysisof three data sets:

1. The homology of the murine sequences to human germline sequences tominimize risk of somatic mutations:2. The comparison of the murine sequences to human consensus sequencesto identify unusual amino acid residues and3. The identification of the canonical structure classes of the CDRsequences to obtain information about important structural frameworkamino acid residues.

The murine variable light chain of the B-N10 shows the highest homologyto the human germline variable segment 2-30*01 (A17 (SEQ ID No: 14)) andto the joining segment JK1 (SEQ ID No: 15). The human consensus sequencewith highest homology to B-N10 is HuKII. Complementarity determiningregions (CDRs) of the variable light chain could be classified in caseof L1 to class 4, and in cases of L2 and L3 to class 1. Critical aminoacid residues were identified.

Sequence comparison between mouse CDR and human germline VL genes withthe canonical structure of class 4-1-1 revealed highest homology with2-30*01 (the lowest number of mismatching amino acids).

The murine variable heavy chain of the B-N10 shows the highest homologyto the human germline variable segment VH3-33 and to the joining segmentJH4 (SEQ ID No: 17). The human consensus sequence with highest homologyto B-N10 is HuHIII. Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of thevariable heavy chain could be classified in case of H1 and H2 toclass 1. Critical amino acid residues were identified. Sequencecomparison between mouse CDR and human germline VH genes with thecanonical structure of class 1-1 revealed highest homology with 3-66*04(SEQ ID No: 16) (the lowest number of mismatching amino acids).Therefore, the germline sequence VH3-66 was taken too in consideration.

All data obtained were considered to design a set of different variablesequences of humanized variable light (12 variants) and variable heavychains (29 variants).

3.2 Construction of a Small Library and Selection of Humanized hIL-10Binding Antibody Fragments

In order to generate a library of potentially hIL-10 binding antibodyfragments to achieve the optimal human IL-10 binding antibody, the cDNAsequences coding for the 12 hVL and the 29 hVH fragments, as shown inFIG. 3, were generated under consideration of the codon usage ofeucaryotic cells.

The obtained cDNAs were cloned subsequently into cloning vectors andsequenced at SEQ Laboratories (Göttingen, Germany). The library wasconstructed in a way, that each of the 12 cDNAs coding for the hVLfragments were combined with the 29 cDNAs coding for the hVH fragmentsresulting in 348 potentially expressed antibody fragments.

Following the bacterial expression and two rounds of selection on humanIL-10 (R&D Systems, Cat.-No. 217-IL/CF) the antibody fragments wereanalysed by ELISA for binding to hIL-10 (same as for selection). Inbrief, Maxisorb plates (Nunc, Germany) were coated with 1 μg/ml hIL-10in PBS over night at 4° C. After blocking and washing of the plates, thesupernatants of the antibody fragment producing bacteria were added. Fordetection of bound humanized antibody fragments a POD conjugatedsecondary antibody was used.

The coding sequences of good binders were analyzed and the occurrence ofidentified hVL- and hVH-fragments listed (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Occurrence of VL and VH fragments present in antibody fragmentsbinding to hIL-10. Occurrence of Occurrence of variable heavy variablelight chain variants chain variants hVH variant Occurrence hVL variantOccurrence hVH1 1 hVL1 2 hVH5 1 hVL2 1 hVH7 2 hVL3 1 hVH9 2 hVL5 1 hVH121 hVL6 3 hVH13 2 hVL7 4 hVH14 1 hVL8 18 (hVH16) 4 (hVL9) 4 hVH18 4 hVL101 hVH20 4 hVL11 1 hVH21 1 hVL12 2 hVH23 1 hVH26 9 hVH27 2 hVH28 3 hVH291

Sequences marked in bold were selected for subcloning into theappropriate eukaryotic expression vectors to analyze the bindingproperties in the context of the entire antibody. The sequences shown inbrackets were selected for subcloning into the expression vectors butthe procedure only resulted in defective constructs.

3.3 Generation of Expression Vectors for the Selected Humanized Lightand Heavy Chain Variants of BT-063

Based on the statistics determined by the screening approach a set ofhumanized VL and humanized VH variants of BT-063 were selected forcloning into a vector system. In a first step, the cDNAs encoding thehumanized VL and VH variants were transferred into an appropriate vectorin order to fuse a sequence coding for a secretory signal 5′ and asplice donor sequence 3′ to the cloned cDNA. These cDNA constructs were,in a second and final subcloning step, transferred into the expressionvectors encoding the human constant kappa and the human constant gamma-1chain, respectively. Plasmids of independently obtained hVL and hVHcontaining expression vectors were prepared by the endotoxin-free QiagenMidi-prep kit (Qiagen, Germany).

3.4 Transient Expression of the Selected Humanized BT-063 Variants inCOS-7 Cells and Comparison of Antibody Binding Towards hIL-10

For the transient expression of the humanized antibody variants in COS-7cells each of the selected humanized VL variants (hVL7 and hVL8) wascombined with each of the selected humanized VH variants (hVH1, hVH9,hVH13, hVH18, hVH20, hVH26, hVH28) resulting in 14 different humanizedantibodies.

In brief, the expression vectors coding for the light chain and for theheavy chain were transiently cotransfected into COS-7 cells by calciumphosphate precipitation in DMEM containing 10% FCS in a 24-well format.After transfection the medium was replaced by the serum free mediumCHO—S-SFM II (Invitrogen, Germany) and the supernatants of the COS-7cells were collected 2-3 days after transfection. The antibody titer ofthe humanized antibodies secreted into the supernatants of transfectedCOS-7 cells were analyzed by a sandwich ELISA. Based on the determinedantibody concentrations supernatants of all samples were adjusted to thesame antibody concentrations, and all samples were used to analyzebinding to human IL-10 in an antigen ELISA, whereby Maxisorb plates(Nunc, Germany) were coated with 2 μg/ml hIL-10 in PBS.

As shown in FIG. 4, all analyzed variants bind to hIL-10, however withdifferent binding properties. Significantly the highest signals in theantigen ELISA were obtained with the BT-063 variants hVH20/hVL7,hVH26/hVL7 and hVH20/hVL8 showing signal intensities comparable to thatobtained with the chimeric B-N10 antibody. Within these three antibodiesvariations in signal intensities (higher signal for hVH20/hVL8 and lowersignals for hVH20/hVL7 and hVH26/hVL7) could be caused by divergentantibody concentrations as a result of the quantifying sandwich ELISA(see above). All other investigated variants resulted in rather weaksignals compared to the chimeric B-N10 antibody.

3.5 Production and Affinity Purification of the Chimeric and HumanizedAntibody Variants

The selected humanized BT-063 variants (hVH20/hVL7, hVH20/hVL8,hVH26/hVL7) and the chimeric cB-N10 (discussed in Example 2) wereproduced in COS-7 cells.

Transient expression was performed as described in section 3.4 whereby10 cm tissue plates were used. Serum-free supernatants of approximately0.5 L of each variant were collected 5 days post transfection.

Purification of the antibodies was performed by protein A affinitychromatography from serum free supernatants. Supernatants were loaded inthe presence of 2M NaCl. Antibodies were eluted by a 0.1M Citrat bufferpH 4.0 and fractionated into tubes containing 2M phosphate buffer pH7.2. Buffer exchange against PBS as well as concentration of individualantibody probes was performed by centrifugation using membranes of a 30kDa cut off. The quality of purified materials was checked by antigenELISA, SDS-PAGE under non-reducing as well as reducing conditions and UVmeasurement at 260 nm and 280 nm.

Binding towards hIL-10 of the purified chimeric B-N10 and the humanizedvariants was tested by ELISA according to the method as described abovein Example 2. hIL10 was coated and the antibody binding was measured forthe variants cB-N10, BT-063-1 (hVH20/hVL7), BT-063-2 (hVH20/hVL8) andBT-063-3 (hVH26/hVL7). The results are shown in FIG. 5.

The signal intensities were comparable for the chimeric B-N10 and thehVH20/hVL7 variant, whereas the signal intensities of the variantshVH20/hVL8 and hVH26/hVL7 were slightly less.

3.6 Affinity Determination by Biacore Human IL-10

Surface plasmon resonance analysis was used to measure the associationand dissociation rate constants for binding of the different antibodies(murine, chimeric, 3 humanized variants) towards hIL-10 using BIACORE2000 (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden). hIL-10 was immobilized on a CM-5sensor chip according to manufacturers conditions. hIL-10 wasimmobilized by adding a 50 μl aliquot of 20 μg/ml at a flow rate of 5μl/minute resulting in an immobilization density of 320 RU. Theimmobilized hIL-10 surface was regenerated in a two step cycle by using0.1M carbonate buffer pH 9.2 and 0.01M HCL/1M NaCl at flow rates of 50μl/minute for one minute each. Each antibody sample was analyzed atleast 4 times in antibody concentration ranges of 20-0.15 μg/ml.Calculations from the sensograms were performed by using the BIAevaluation version 3 (1999) software.

Table 3 summarizes the results of all Biacore measurements. All variantsbind comparable to hIL-10. However, slight differences are detectable.As a result the mouse monoclonal antibody B-N10, the chimeric cB-N10 aswell as the humanized variant BT-063-1 (hVH20/hVL7) bind with comparableaffinities whereas the two other humanized variants BT-063-2(hVH20/hVL8) and BT-063-3 (hVH26/hVL7) show reduced affinities (aboutfactor 3 compared to the murine B-N10). Slight differences inassociation and dissociation rates are also detectable.

TABLE 3 Results of Biacore measurements Antibody variant n ka [1/Ms] kd[1/s] KD [M] ± SD B-N10 6 4.43 E6 2.05 E−3 1.07 E−9 ± 3.11 E−10 cB-N10 46.23 E5 8.48 E−4 1.37 E−9 ± 2.42 E−10 BT-063-1 6 1.21 E6 1.03 E−3 1.22E−9 ± 1.44 E−10 BT-063-2 4 1.21 E6 1.64 E−3 2.81 E−9 ± 1.03 E−9 BT-063-35 1.07 E6 2.66 E−3 2.91 E−9 ± 8.07 E−10 n = number of individualmeasurements; ka = association rate; kd = dissociation rate; KD =dissociation constant

Cynomolgus IL-10

The affinity of the BT-63 variant 3 (hVH26/hVL7) to Cynomolgus IL-10 wasanalysed by additional surface plasmon resonance experiments using aBiacore T100 (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden).

BT-063 was diluted in 10 mM acetate pH5.5 to 5 μg/mL and immobilizedusing amine coupling procedure to obtain a final level of about 1000 RU.Regeneration of the sensor chip surface was obtained injecting 10 mMGlycine-HCl pH 1.8 for 30 s. Samples were injected in differentconcentrations over the flow cell as well as over the reference cell.Signals obtained by the reference cell were subtracted from the signalsobtained by the detector flow cell and resulting binding profiles wereevaluated using a 1:1 Langmuir-binding model. A concentration dependingbinding profile was obtained and an average KD of 194 pM was calculatedfor Cynomolgus IL-10. As a positive control rhIL-10 was analysedresulting in a KD of 4.6 nM. Results are summarized in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Results of Biacore measurements with BT-063 rhIL-10: recombinanthuman IL-10; rCIL-10: recombinant Cynomolgus IL-10; Analyte Assay no ka[1/Ms] kd [1/s] KD [M] rhIL-10 1 6.0 E5 0.3 E−2 4.6 E−9 rCIL-10 1 6.2 E71.2 E−2 0.196 E−9 rCIL-10 2 8.6 E7 1.7 E−2 0.195 E−9 rCIL-10 3 9.7 E71.8 E−2 0.191 E−9 ka = association rate; kd = dissociation rate; KD =dissociation constant

Example 4 Activity of Anti-IL10 Antibodies In Vitro

To confirm the potency of BT-063 (variant hVH26/hVL7) the blockade ofIL-6 release in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was examined.PBMCs release Interleukin-6 (IL-6) upon stimulation withLipopolysaccharide (LPS). A physiological activity of Interleukin-10(IL-10) is the inhibition of secretion of cytokines, e.g. IL-6. Thus,IL-10 addition to LPS stimulated cells inhibits IL-6 secretion, leadingto a significant reduction of IL-6 present in the medium of the cellculture. However, as a consequence of BT-063 addition to the cellculture, IL-10 is bound and thus not able to bind to the receptor on thecell surface. The inhibitory effect of IL-10 is compensated and IL-6secretion is restored, leading to IL-6 in the medium.

PBMCs were isolated from human blood by Ficoll gradient. The isolatedcells were seeded at 1×10⁶ cells/ml and stimulated with LPS for IL-6secretion, which was inhibited by addition of IL-10. The inhibitoryeffect of IL-10 was neutralized by addition of BT-063, thusreconstituting IL-6 secretion. Depending on the purpose (reference orlow, high quality control samples) of added BT-063, different titrationconcentrations of BT-063 were used, leading to concentration dependantsecretion of IL-6 which were detected in the supernatant of the cellculture.

TABLE 5 mean values of IL-6 levels from double determinations and IL-6reconstitution respectively in dependence of titration of referencestandard S1: 40 μg/mL concentration of BT-063 mean value of IL-.6Reconstitution of IL-6 [μg/mL] level [μg/mL] Secretion [%] 40.000 4254672.8% 20.000 43134 73.8% 13.333 37910 64.9% 8.889 31107 53.2% 5.92625602 43.8% 3.951 20793 35.6% 1.975 14200 24.3% 0.988 10227 17.5%

As shown in Table 5, the amount of secreted IL-6 is directly correlatedwith the concentration of BT-063. The higher the concentration ofBT-063, the more IL-6 was secreted from the PBMCs and thus present inthe supernatant. Incubation of the cells with 40 μg/mL BT-063 led to areconstitution of IL-6 secretion of about 73%, whereas with 0.988 μg/mLBT-063 (last step of titration) only 17.5% of the IL-6 level wasdetectable in the medium when compared to the positive control(stimulated PBMCs without IL-10 incubation).

Example 5 Binding of Antibody to Human PBMC

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were freshly preparedfrom different healthy volunteers using gradient centrifugation. Forthis purpose blood samples were diluted 1:1 with Hanks buffered solutionand 20 ml Ficoll was slowly overlaid with 20 ml of this solution in asterile 50 ml tube. The tubes were centrifuged at room temperature for25 mins at 1200×g without brake. After centrifugation the cloudyinterface or buffy coat was transferred into a 50 ml tube, washed withPBS and centrifuged again for 10 minutes at 260 g. Residual erythrocyteswere lysed using BD Pharm Lyse™ according to the manufacturer'sprotocol. Isolated PBMCs were resuspended in RPMI (10% FCS).

The binding of BT-063 (variant hVH26/hVL7) on human PBMC was determinedby FACS analysis using the Zenon labeling Kit (Invitrogen). Theantibodies were labeled using the anti-human IgG AlexaFluor488-Zenon kitaccording to manufacturer's instructions. The reagents in the kit labelBT-063 via binding of fluorescently labeled Fab-fragments withoutaffecting its antigen recognition properties. A human IgG1 anti-CD4Antibody (BT061, Biotest), labeled in parallel with the Zenon Kit wasused as positive control.

The fluorescent Fab-fragments are incubated in excess with theantibodies and bind to the Fc part of the mAb. The remaining freeFab-fragments are blocked in a second reaction with an irrelevant IgG toinhibit false positive binding. The mixture including fluorescentlylabeled BT-063 or BT061 was then used for staining experiments. As anegative control the reaction was performed without antibody.

1 μg of primary antibody (BT-063, α-CD4 or PBS as negative-control) waslabeled with 5 μl of Zenon-AF488 reagent (AF-488 labeled anti-human IgGFab fragments) for 5 min in a total volume of 6 μl. Then an incubationwith 5 μl of the blocking reagent (irrelevant human IgG) was performedfor 20 min. The whole mixture was diluted in PBS to yield properantibody concentrations and staining of cells was performed immediately.

Example results are shown in FIG. 6. Labeled BT-063 was used inconcentrations of 25, 2.5, 0.25 and 0.025 μg/ml without showing bindingon human PBMC. With the anti-CD4 antibody the expected binding on humanPBMC was detected, while BT-063 was not showing any binding onlymphocytes or monocytes up to concentrations of 25 μg/ml. It cantherefore be concluded that BT-063 exhibits no detectablecross-reactivity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human origin.

The results demonstrate that the BT-063 antibody does not bind to PBMCsand therefore BT-063 binds only to soluble IL-10.

Example 6 X-Ray Crystallography

6.1 Crystallisation of BT-063 Fab in Complex with Human IL-10

Several constructs of IL-10 were designed according to publishedstructural data (Zdanov et al., Structure, Vol. 3, 1995, pp. 591) andcloned by standard procedures into vectors for heterologous expressionin E. coli. Test expressions of the cloned constructs were performedaccording to standard protocols and showed a high over-expression forIL-10 as indicated by an increase in a band in the expected range ofaround 18 kDa.

IL-10 protein expressed under optimised conditions yielded viableamounts for subsequent protein purification. After refolding, theprotein was purified by immobilised affinity chromatography, sizeexclusion chromatography and ion exchange chromatography to yieldprotein with over 95% homogeneity as judged by Coomassie-stainedSDS-PAGE. The yield of purified protein was approximately 0.3 mg perlitre expression culture, which was sufficient for crystallisationtrials.

The Fab fragment of BT-063 (variant hVH26/hVL7) was cleaved from theintact antibody using the protease papain and purified by protein A.Subsequently the Fab fragment was further purified by size exclusionchromatography.

The IL-10:BT-063 Fab complex was formed by mixing the purified proteins,with a molar excess of IL-10 and further purification by size exclusionchromatography. The retention volume was consistent with the size of thecomplex. The protein was subsequently concentrated to concentrationssuitable for crystallisation.

Crystals of the IL-10:BT-063 Fab complex were prepared by the method ofco-crystallisation.

6.2 Data Collection and Processing

Crystals were flash-frozen and measured at a temperature of 100 K. TheX-ray diffraction data have been collected from co-crystals of IL-10with the Fab fragment of BT-063 at the SWISS LIGHT SOURCE (SLS,Villigen, Switzerland) using cryogenic conditions.

The crystals belong to space group P6 with two complexes in theasymmetric unit. Data were processed using the programmes XDS andXSCALE. Data collection statistics are summarised in

TABLE 6 Statistics of data collection and processing ComplexIL-10:BT-063 X-ray source PX (SLS¹) Wavelength [Å]  1.0007 DetectorPILATUS Temperature [K] 100    Space group P 6 Cell: a; b; c [Å] 219.00;219.00; 64.36  α; β; γ [°] 90.0; 90.0; 120.0 Resolution [Å] ² 3.48(3.72-3.48) Unique reflections ² 21124 (3817) Multiplicity ² 3.0 (2.9)Completeness [%] ² 91.2 (92.3) R_(sym) [%] ^(2, 3) 10.5 (44.0) R_(meas)[%] ^(2, 4) 14.8 (62.2) I/σ I ² 6.1 (1.7) mean(I)/sigma ^(2,5) 7.0 (1.7)¹SWISS LIGHT SOURCE (SLS, Villigen, Switzerland) ² Numbers in bracketscorrespond to the highest resolution bin.${\;^{3}\mspace{11mu} R_{sym}} = {{\frac{\sum\limits_{h}\; {\sum\limits_{i}^{n_{h}}\; {{{\hat{I}}_{n} - I_{h,i}}}}}{\sum\limits_{h}\; {\sum\limits_{i}^{n_{h}}I_{h,i}}}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {\hat{I}}_{h}} = {\frac{1}{n_{h}}{\sum\limits_{i}^{n_{h}}\; I_{h,i}}}}$where I_(h, i) is the intensity value of the ith measurement of h${\;^{4}\mspace{11mu} R_{meas}} = {{\frac{\sum\limits_{h}\; {\sqrt{\frac{n_{h}}{n_{h} - 1}}{\sum\limits_{i}^{n_{h}}\; {{{\hat{I}}_{h} - I_{h,i}}}}}}{\sum\limits_{h}\; {\sum\limits_{i}^{n_{h}}I_{h,i}}}\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} {\hat{I}}_{h}} = {\frac{1}{n_{h}}{\sum\limits_{i}^{n_{h}}\; I_{h,i}}}}$where I_(h, i) is the intensity value of the ith measurement of h ⁵Calculated from independent reflections

6.3 Structure Modelling and Refinement

The phase information necessary to determine and analyse the structurewas obtained by molecular replacement. Published models of IL-10 and aFab fragment were used as a search model. Subsequent model building andrefinement was performed according to standard protocols with thesoftware packages CCP4 and COOT. For the calculation of the freeR-factor, a measure to cross-validate the correctness of the finalmodel, 4.2% of measured reflections were excluded from the refinementprocedure (see Table 7).

The nanobody parameterisation was carried out with the programmeCHEMSKETCH. LIBCHECK (CCP4) was used for generation of the correspondinglibrary files.

The water model was built with the “Find waters . . . ”-algorithm ofCOOT by putting water molecules in peaks of the Fo-Fc map contoured at3.0 σ followed by refinement with REFMAC5 and checking all waters withthe validation tool of COOT. The criteria for the list of suspiciouswaters were: B-factor greater 80, 2Fo-Fc map less than 1.2 σ, distanceto closest contact less than 2.3 Å or more than 3.5 Å. The suspiciouswater molecules and those in the active site (distance to inhibitor lessthan 10 Å) were checked manually. The occupancy of side chains, whichwere in negative peaks in the Fo-Fc map (contoured at −3.0 σ), were setto zero and subsequently to 0.5 if a positive peak occurred after thenext refinement cycle.

The Ramachandran Plot of the final model shows 80.8% of all residues inthe most favoured region, 17.9% in the additionally allowed region, 0.7%of the residues in the generously allowed. Residues Val86(A), His14(B),Asp86(B), Ser131(C), Val56(D) and Val56(F) are found in the disallowedregion of the Ramachandran plot (Table 7). They are either confirmed bythe electron density map or could not be modelled in another sensibleconformation. Statistics of the final structure and the refinementprocess are listed in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Refinement statistics ¹ Complex IL-10:BT-063 Resolution [Å]20.0-3.48 Number of reflections (working/ 20199/889 test) R_(cryst) [%]29.7 R_(free) ² [%] 35.5 Total number of atoms: Protein 8870 WaterLigand — Deviation from ideal geometry: ³ Bond lengths [Å] 0.007 Bondangles [°] 0.93 Bonded B's ⁴ [Å²] 0.0 Ramachandran Plot: ⁵ Most favouredregions 80.8 Additional allowed regions 17.9 Generously allowed regions0.7 Disallowed regions 0.6 ¹ Values as defined in REFMAC5, without sigmacut-off ²Test-set contains 4.2% of measured reflections ³ Root meansquare deviations from geometric target values ⁴ Calculated withprogramme MOLEMAN ⁵ Calculated with programme PROCHECK6.4 X-ray structure analysis

The complex structure of human IL-10 bound by BT-063 Fab antibodyfragment was analysed at a resolution of 3.48 Å and reveals the detailedbinding mode of the Fab antibody fragment.

The resulting electron density shows an unambiguous binding mode for theFab fragment, including the orientation and conformation of the Fabfragment. The crystal of space group P6 contains two complexes in theasymmetric unit.

The structure of IL-10 in complex with Fab is represented in FIG. 7. TwoFab fragments bind with their CDR loops to each homodimer of IL-10.

The following residues of IL-10 (molecules A and B) can be found in thevicinity of the CDR loops within a maximum distance of 3.9 Å: Arg27, Lys34, Gln38, Met39, Asp41, Gln42, Asp44, Leu46, Glu50, Leu53, Glu142,Asp144, Ile145, Asn148, Tyr149, Glu151, and Thr155.

The following residues of the CDR loops can be found in the vicinity ofthe IL-10 within a maximum distance of 3.9 Å: Phe27, Ser28, Ala30,Thr31, Tyr32, Trp52, Arg53, Gly54, Ser56, Asn73, Ser74, Tyr100, Gly101,Tyr103 (molecules C and E), Ser32, Asn33, Asn35, Tyr37, Lys55 (moleculesD and F).

The binding site of BT-063 coincides with the binding site of the IL-10receptor on the surface of IL-10 as shown by overlaying the complexstructure of IL-10:BT-063 with a published structure of theIL-10:IL-10R1 receptor complex (FIG. 8).

The BT-063 amino acid residues in contact with human IL-10 as identifiedby X-ray analysis are highlighted on the linear amino acid sequence ofBT-063 variable antibody domains shown below.

BT-063 VL (SEQ ID No: 69) DVVMTQSPLS LPVTLGQPAS ISCRSSQNIV HSNGNTY LEWYLQRPGQSPR LLIY KVSNRF SGVPDRFSGS GSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGV YYCFQGSHVP WTFGQGTKVE IK  BT-063 VH: (SEQ ID No: 70)EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFSFA TYGVHWVRQSPGKGLEWLGV IWRGGSTDYS AAFMSRLTIS KDNSKNTVYL QMNSLRAEDT AVYFCAKQAY  GHYMDYWGQG TSVTVSS 

CDR regions (Honegger and Plückthun (2001) J. Mol. Biol., 309, 657-670)are underlined (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the light chain are SEQ ID Nos:71, 72 and 73, respectively; CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the heavy chain areSEQ ID Nos: 74, 75 and 76, respectively). Contact residues with IL-10are shown in bold.

Within the light chain contact residues are found in CDR1 and CDR2 butnot in CDR3. Regarding the heavy chain resides of all three CDRs areinvolved in antigen binding. Two residues of FR3 (Asn73 and Ser74) alsocontribute to antigen binding.

Ser28 and Ala30 at the beginning of CDR1 are part of the murine VHpredecessor sequence (BN-10) and not present in the selected humanframework (3-66*04). Both positions are less frequently involved inantigen binding and were introduced as alternative amino acids duringthe humanisation process.

Residues Asn73 and Ser74 are found in murine and frequently in humanantibody framework sequences but are usually not involved in antigenbinding. (www.bioc.uzh.ch/antibody; Honegger and Plückthun, 2001). Theircontribution to antigen binding is unexpected.

IL-10 amino acid residues involved in BT-063 binding are shown below.Also indicated are residues of IL-10 involved in binding to the highaffinity IL-10 receptor chain (IL-10R1) and the low affinity receptorchain (IL-10R2). Both receptor chains are involved in the binding of aIL-10 homodimer and necessary for signaling. In sequence A the residueswhich contact BT-063 are shown in bold and are underlined. In sequence Bthe contact residues to IL-10R1 are marked in bold and underlined,contact residues to IL-10R2 are marked in italics and underlined andcontact residues shared by IL-10R1 and 2 are marked in as being in bold,italics and underlined (Pletnev et al 2005).

A (SEQ ID NO: 1) SPGQGTQSEN SCTHFPGNLP NMLRDL R DAF SRV K TFF QM K DQ LD N L LLK E  SL L EDFKGYL GCQALSEMIQ FYLEEVMPQAENQDPDIKAH VNSLGENLKT LRLRLRRCHR FLPCENKSKA VEQVKNAFNK LQEKGIYKAM S E FDI FI NY I  E AYM T MKIRN B (SEQ ID NO: 1) SPGQGTQSEN SCTHF P G N L P  N ML

DL R D AF S R VKTFF Q MK D Q LDNLLLKE SLLEDFKGYL GCQALSEMIQ FYLEEVMPQA ENQDPDIK AH  V N SLGENLKT LRLRLRRCHR FLPCENKSKA VEQVKNAFNK LQEKGIY K AM S EF D IFINYI  E AYMTMK I RN

It can be seen that BT-063 binds to a discontinuous epitope of IL-10comprising residues of helix A (Arg27, Lys34, Gln38, Met39, Asp41) andthe N-terminal part of helix B (Glu50 and Leu53) including theconnecting loop sequence (Glu42, Asp44, Leu46) of one IL-10 monomer aswell as residues of the helix F′ (Glu142, Asp144, Ile145, Asn148,Tyr149, Glu151, Thr155) of the second IL-10 monomer.

As such, it can be seen that BT-063 is blocking the binding site of thehigh affinity receptor chain IL-10R1.

Example 7 In Vivo Single Dose Toxicity Study in Cynomolgous Monkey

A single dose toxicity study including safety pharmacology parameterswas performed in Cynomolgus monkeys following a single intravenousinjection of BT-063 (variant hVH26/hVL7). Animals were distributed intofour groups (placebo, 1 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) with 4animals/sex/group. BT-063 was intravenously injected on day 1. Half ofthe animals were necropsied after 5 days, while the remaining animalswere sacrificed on day 28.

The low dose level of 1 mg/kg in this study corresponds to a humanequivalent dose of −300 μg/kg, resulting in a total human dose of 18 mg(60 kg body weight). A similar dose of the BT-063 predecessor antibodyB-N10 had been applied daily for 21 days in a small investigatorinitiated trial (Llorente, 2000). This amount of antibody has shownpharmacological effects and clinical efficacy. The low dose level wastherefore chosen accordingly. The high dose was chosen as a multiple(50) of the starting dose. The intermediate dose is the geometric meanof the low and the high doses.

During the study no toxicologically significant or relevant changes inphysiological or histopathology parameters were observed. In addition,changes in clinical chemistry parameters were considered of little or notoxicological significance.

Example 8 Estimated Target Occupancy by the IL-10 Specific BT-063Antibody after Intravenous Administration

In order to estimate the neutralization of IL-10 in human healthyvolunteers after a single intravenous injection of the mAb BT-063, thetarget occupancy of IL-10 by BT-063 (variant hVH26/hVL7) in a healthyvolunteer was estimated based on the dissociation constant of theBT-063-IL-10 complex and on standard parameters for human blood volumesand the assumption that BT-063 distributes solely within the bloodstream.

8.1 Method

Unvalidate Microsoft-Excel-Software was used to calculate and displaythe dose dependent target occupancy of IL-10 by BT063.

Assumptions for calculations:

-   -   Blood volume (serum): 3.5 l    -   Mean concentration of IL-10 in healthy volunteer serum: 15 pg/ml    -   k_(D) (dissociation constant, BT063<−>IL-10): 3 nM (derived from        Biacore studies)    -   molecular weight IL-10 dimer: 37 000 g/mol    -   molecular weight BT063: 150 000 g/mol

Using the law of mass action a target occupancy of IL-10 at differentdoses of the BT063 antibody was calculated. For the theoreticalcalculations of free and complexed IL-10 it was assumed that onemolecule of an anti-IL10 antibody binds to one dimer of IL-10. Thefollowing equilibrium equation was applied:

Law of mass action: BT063+IL10⇄BT063/IL-10 complex

A resulting dissociation constant is determined by steady stateconcentrations of BT063 ([BT063]), IL-10 ([IL-10]) and the BT063-IL-10complex ([complex]):

$k_{D} = \frac{\left\lbrack {{BT}063} \right\rbrack*\left\lbrack {{IL} - 10} \right\rbrack}{\lbrack{complex}\rbrack}$

Steady state concentrations are not directly available, but can becalculated from starting concentrations of [BT063₀] and [IL-10₀] and thesteady state concentration of the complex ([complex]):

[BT063]=[BT063₀]−[complex]

[IL-10]=[IL-10₀]−[complex]

For calculation of IL-10 occupancy by BT063 after intravenous injectionof the mAb, the following assumptions were made:

-   -   BT063 distributes equally and exclusively in the blood directly        after injection    -   BT063 molecules do not leave the blood volume    -   IL-10 is exclusively distributed in the blood and there are no        other sources of IL-10    -   TL-10 molecules or BT063-IL-10 complexes do not leave the blood        stream and are not drawn away from circulation by Fc-receptor        mediated or other mechanisms    -   the equilibrium is reached rapidly

These assumptions are artificially chosen and do not represent theprobable biologically relevant situation in vivo. It can be assumed thatthe BT063 distribution volume is larger than estimated, since BT063 mostprobably distributes additionally to extravasal compartments of thebody, leading to rapidly diminished concentrations of the mAb in thecirculation. Furthermore, it can be expected that extravasal sourcesexist for IL-10 and the amount of IL-10 present in the body is higherthan that estimated here.

Conclusively, the calculations made here overestimate the percentage ofcomplexed IL-10 in vivo. The estimated complexing of IL-10 thus will notbe reached in vivo and a safety margin for the calculated values exist.

As a calculation basis, the following constants were used:

-   -   molecular weight (BT063): 150 000 g/mol    -   molecular weight (IL-10 dimer): 37 000 g/mol    -   mean concentration of IL-10 in healthy volunteer serum: 15 pg/ml    -   blood serum volume: 3.5 l

On this basis the dose dependent percentage of IL-10 that is complexedby BT063 under equilibrium concentrations can be computed. Table 8 andFIG. 10 show the dose dependency of IL-10 blockade by BT063 afterintravenous injection of the mAb.

TABLE 8 Calculation of IL-10 occupancy by BT-063 with increasing totaldose of BT-063 injected intravenously.

(*Doses that are intended to be appliced in the healthy volunteerclinical trial are marked in grey).

To theoretically estimate the influences of different IL-10concentrations or a different affinity (dissociation constant) of BT-063to IL-10, the corresponding curves were compared to the originaldose-response dependency depicted in FIG. 10.

FIG. 11 shows that the percentage of complexed IL-10 is merelyindependent of IL-10 levels in the blood. Even 1000 fold changes inIL-10 levels have only marginal impact on the dose-response curve.Therefore fluctuations in IL-10 concentrations do not alter theoccupancy of IL-10 by BT-063 on a percent basis.

Although, the affinity of BT-063 to human IL-10 is known from Biacorestudies, other methods might lead to a slightly different dissociationconstant for the complex (Waibler ct al., J Allergy Clin Immunol., 2008November; 122(5): 890-2, Epub 2008, September 20). It was thereforeanalyzed to what degree a different affinity would alter thedose-response of IL-10 occupancy.

In contrast, to altered IL-10 levels different affinities of BT-063 toIL-10 shift the curves to a higher occupancy of BT-063 for the case of ahigher affinity (10 times higher) or vice versa for lower affinities(FIG. 12).

From the data it can be concluded that 175 μg BT-063 (the intendedstarting dose of the first healthy volunteer human clinical trial) isable to neutralize about 10% of all present IL-10 in the blood of ahealthy volunteer. Up to a dose of 10 mg BT-063 there is a log linearrelationship between the dose of BT-063 and the percentage of complexedIL-10. With 10 mg BT-063 about 85% of all IL-10 will be neutralized.

The course of the calculated curve is largely independent of IL-10concentration in the blood, meaning that the neutralizing capacity ofBT-063 (on a percent basis) will be influenced by different IL-10 levelsonly to a minor extent.

Therefore, it can be assumed that the curve presented for healthyvolunteers will additionally apply for systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) patients who bear increased IL-10 levels in the blood. From thesedata it can be concluded that doses above 175 μg total dose BT-063 inhealthy volunteers will neutralize more than 10% of the cytokine. Abovethis dose and up to 10 mg total dose the complexing of IL-10 by the mAbwill yield a log linear relationship up to 85%. Above 10 mg BT-063, thecurve runs into saturation levels. Nearly 100% neutralization arereached at 100 mg total dose.

Example 8 In Vivo Single Dose Toxicity Study in Healthy Volunteers

A study was conducted to monitor the safety and tolerability of BT-063(variant hVH26/hVL7), and the effects of BT-063 administration, usingescalating doses of the antibody in healthy volunteers.

Twenty-three volunteers received a single intravenous administration ofBT-063, in 8 dosage groups. The dosage groups were as follows: 0.175 mg,0.75 mg, 3.5 mg, 7 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg and 100 mg. There were threevolunteers per group, except for the 100 mg dose group where there weretwo volunteers.

Each dose is diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection up to a totalvolume of 20 ml. The dose is administered as a single continuousintravenous infusion using an infusion pump over 2 hours.

The volunteers were assessed over a period of 85 days after theinjection and blood was taken at multiple time points over this period.

From the blood taken assessments were made on the levels of cytokinesIFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNFα.

Results

A non-dose dependent transient increase of IL-6 and IL-8 was presentwithin the 24 hours post infusion, returning to pre-dose levels after 3days. This effect is thought to be associated with the infusion eventrather than with the antibody since there was no dose relationship andthe effect occurred even at the lowest dose.

Surprisingly, given that IL-10 is an important regulatory cytokine, noincrease in levels of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and TNFα weredetected, as shown in FIG. 13. The lack of elevation in levels of IL-4,IL-5 IFN-γ, IL-2 also confirm that there is no T-helper cell activationresulting from the BT-063 administration. Further, since bodytemperature is also an indication of the large-scale release ofpro-inflammatory cytokines, this parameter was also measured in thetreated volunteers. However, no increase in body temperature wasdetected after administration.

As shown in FIG. 14, IL-10 plasma concentration is influenced byadministration of BT-063, with detected plasma IL-10 increasing as thedose of BT-063 is increased. It is noted that the assay used detectsboth free IL-10 and IL-10 bound to BT-063. There are two possibleexplanations for the increase: (1) a prolonged half life of IL-10, withbinding of IL-10 to BT-063 preventing IL-10 internalization, andconcomitantly no elimination of IL-10 from the blood (there is normallya rapid turnover of IL-10, with the half life of secreted IL-10 beingapproximately 2.3-3.5 hours (Huhn et al., Blood (1996) January 15:87(2): 699-705)); and/or (2) induction of a negative feedback loop—withBT-063 blocking the binding of IL-10 to its receptor no cellular uptakeof IL-10 is possible, triggering B-cells to produce more IL-10. Weconsider that scenario (2) is more probable since it is confirmed by invitro data taken from whole blood culture experiments with BT-063 andmurine IL-1 OR knockout cells (Mahnke et al., unpublished data).

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic data showed that the Cmax, AUC and half-life ofBT-063 are in the range of the expected theoretical values. The terminalhalf-life of BT-063 being between 15 and 30 days. After administrationof doses of 30 mg or higher, BT-063 is still detectable in the plasmaafter 85 days.

No human anti-human antibodies (HAHA) were observed in the treatedvolunteers, despite the fact that HAHA responses have been observed withother cytokine neutralizing antibodies (e.g. with Adalimumab, ahumanized anti-TNF alpha).

Despite the increase in detected amounts of IL-10 after administrationof BT-063 it is noted that this study demonstrates the safety andtolerability of even large dosages of BT-063 and thus it can beconcluded that sufficient dosages of BT-063 can be safely administeredto SLE patients to counteract the effects of excess IL-10.

1-30. (canceled)
 31. A humanized or chimeric antibody or fragmentthereof capable of binding to interleukin-10 (IL-10), wherein saidantibody or fragment thereof: (a) binds to the same region of IL-10 asthe IL-10 receptor α (IL-10Rα) and is not capable of binding IL-10 whenthe IL-10 is bound to the IL-10 receptor; and (b) binds to IL-10 inhomodimeric form by binding a discontinuous epitope comprising residuesof both monomers.
 32. The humanized or chimeric antibody or fragmentthereof of claim 31, wherein (a) the antibody or fragment thereofcomprises amino acid sequences at least 80% identical to those of CDR1,CDR2 and CDR3 of the murine antibody B-N10 variable light chain and/orcomprises amino acid sequences at least 80% identical to those of CDR1,CDR2 and CDR3 of the murine antibody B-N10 variable heavy chain; or (b)the antibody or fragment thereof comprises the amino acid sequences ofCDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the murine antibody B-N10 variable light and/orheavy chains.
 33. The humanized or chimeric antibody or fragment thereofof claim 31, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises at leastone of the amino acid sequences of CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the murineantibody B-N10 variable light chain and/or at least one of the aminoacid sequences of CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the murine antibody B-N10variable heavy chain, optionally with variation in these sequences whichdoes not substantially alter the affinity and/or specificity of thehumanized antibody or fragment thereof.
 34. The humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof of claim 31, wherein the antibody orfragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence of the murine antibodyB-N10 variable light chain and/or the amino acid sequence of the murineantibody B-N10 variable heavy chain.
 35. The humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof of claim 31, wherein the antibody orfragment thereof comprising a variable heavy chain sequence of theantibody BT-063 (SEQ ID No: 70) and a variable light chain sequence ofBT-063 (SEQ ID No: 69).
 36. The humanized or chimeric antibody orfragment thereof of claim 31, wherein (a) said antibody or fragmentthereof does not bind to the same region of IL-10 as the IL-10 receptorβ (1L-10Rβ); (b) said antibody or fragment thereof binds to adiscontinuous epitope comprising residues of helix A of one IL-10monomer and residues of helix F′ of the other IL-10 monomer; (c) saidresidues of the discontinuous epitope are within the first 55 aminoacids of one monomer and within the last 20 amino acids of the othermonomer; (d) said residues of the discontinuous epitope are within theamino acids of 20 to 55 of one monomer and within the last 20 aminoacids of the other monomer; (e) said antibody or fragment thereof doesnot induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and/orcomplement-dependent cytotoxicity; or (f) said antibody or fragmentthereof is capable of preventing IL-10 signaling through the IL-10αreceptor.
 37. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the antibody or fragmentthereof of claim
 31. 38. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim37.
 39. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 37 orcomprising a vector containing said nucleic acid.
 40. A method for theproduction of an antibody or a fragment thereof of claim 31 comprising astep of culturing the host cell comprising a vector comprising anisolated nucleic acid molecule encoding said antibody or fragmentthereof in a culture medium under conditions allowing the expression ofthe antibody or fragment thereof and separating the antibody or fragmentfrom the culture medium.
 41. A pharmaceutical composition comprising theantibody or fragment thereof of claim 31 and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or diluent.
 42. A method for treating or preventing amedical condition in a subject, wherein the medical condition ismediated by an elevated level or activity of IL-10, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody orfragment thereof of claim 31 to said subject.
 43. The method of claim42, wherein the medical condition is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).44. A labeled humanized or chimeric antibody or fragment thereofcomprising the antibody or fragment thereof of claim 31 and a label. 45.An in vitro method for neutralizing IL-10 in a sample, comprising a stepof contacting the sample with an antibody or fragment thereof of claim31 so as to bind the antibody or fragment thereof to the IL-10.
 46. Anin vitro method for detecting the presence of IL-10 in a samplecomprising a step of contacting an antibody or fragment thereof of claim31 with the sample, washing to remove antibody or antibody fragmentswhich are not bound to the sample, and detecting the presence of theantibody or fragment thereof in the sample.
 47. A method of diagnosingSLE in an individual comprising: (a) providing a plasma sample takenfrom an individual; (b) contacting the sample with the antibody orfragment thereof of claim 31; and (c) detecting the presence of IL-10.48. The method of claim 47, wherein step (c) comprises determining theamount of IL-10 present in the sample.
 49. The humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof of claim 31, wherein said antibody orfragment thereof comprises a variable region comprising CDR1 and CDR2 ofBT-063 light chain and/or a variable region comprising CDR1, CDR2 andCDR3 of BT-063 heavy chain optionally with amino acid substitutions inthe sequences of the CDRs provided: the light chain CDR1 comprises:Ser32, Asn33, Asn35, Tyr37; the light chain CDR2 comprises: Lys55; theheavy chain CDR1 comprises: Phe27, Ser28, Ala30, Thr31, Tyr32; the heavychain CDR2 comprises: Trp52, Arg53, Gly54, Ser56; the heavy chain CDR3comprises: Tyr100, Gly101, Tyr103.
 50. The humanized or chimericantibody or fragment thereof of claim 49, wherein the heavy chainvariable region further comprises Asn73 and Ser74.